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Koçi Xoxe

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General
Koçi Xoxe
Deputy Prime Minister of Albania
In office
22 March 1946 – 2 October 1948
PresidentEnver Hoxha
Succeeded byMehmet Shehu
Minister of the Interior
In office
22 March 1946 – 2 October 1948
PresidentEnver Hoxha
Preceded byHaxhi Lleshi
Succeeded byNesti Kerënxhi
Personal details
Pronunciation[ˈkɔtʃi ˈdzɔdzɛ]
Born(1911-05-01)1 May 1911
Negovan, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (modern Flampouro, Florina, Greece)
Died11 June 1949(1949-06-11) (aged 38)
Tirana, Albania
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
NationalityAlbanian
Political partyParty of Labour of Albania
SpouseSofika Xoxe
Signature
Military service
Allegiance People's Republic of Albania
Branch/service Albanian People's Army
RankGeneral

Koçi Xoxe (pronounced [ˈkɔtʃi ˈdzɔdzɛ]; 1 May 1911 – 11 June 1949) was an Albanian politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania. He was supported by Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito during efforts to bring Albania into the Yugoslav federation. After Albania's leader, Enver Hoxha, established the country's independence with the support of the Soviet Union, Xoxe was arrested, tortured[dubious – discuss] and executed.

Life

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Xoxe was born in 1911 in Negovani (modern Flampouro), near Florina in Greece, back then part of the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.[1] He was of Tosk Albanian descent.[2][3][4] The family originated from Kolonjë, and due to economic reasons in the 19th century moved to the village of Plikati and later relocated to Negovani.[5]

His father was Dhimitër Xoxe (1883–1971) who died in Tirana and Vasillo was his mother.[5] Sotir Xoxe was his grandfather, a founder of the Albanian school in Negovan and a teacher who was involved in the Albanian National Awakening.[5] In his youth Xoxe was educated by his grandfather in the village school, later he attended the gymnasium of Thessaloniki and achieved high grades, graduating in 1929.[5] His grandfather and several family members moved to Constanța, Romania in the 1930s where he owned and ran Dituria, an Albanian printing press.[5]

Xoxe was a footballer for the Negovani village football team, an avid reader of Albanian and Greek books and a fluent speaker of Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian and Romanian.[5] Following his education, Xoxe arrived in Korçë where he encountered communist ideas and literature.[5] In the 1930s, he became co–founder of the Korçë Communist Group and its first chairman.[5] Around 1937 he emerged among others, such as Enver Hoxha and Koço Tashko, as prominent communists of Albania.

In the post-World War II era, Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito sought to exert his country’s influence over Albania through military support to Hoxha in an attempt to absorb Albania.[6] Xoxe, who headed the Ministry of the Interior and the secret police, the Sigurimi, was supported by Tito. Joseph Stalin reportedly told Milovan Djilas, a leading figure in Yugoslavia, that Yugoslavia should “swallow up” Albania.[7]

Hoxha began to fear Xoxe as a rival to his own power. After Xoxe ordered the arrest of moderates with anti-Yugoslav sentiments, including Sejfulla Malëshova, Tito attacked Hoxha in a letter to the Albanian Politburo. Hoxha responded by traveling to Moscow with Nako Spiru and returning with a formal trade agreement with the Soviet Union without consulting Tito.

Tito began to develop a more assertive policy towards the Soviets, which angered Stalin. Over time, Stalin began to side with Albania as a supportive bulwark against Tito. The Soviet Union began to increase Moscow’s presence in the country, spending specialists in mining and oil refining.[6] Xoxe accused Spiru of subversion and, eventually, Spiru was found dead of a gunshot wound in his apartment under suspicious circumstances.[7][6]

Tito planned to send two army divisions into Albania under the pretense of protecting it from a Greek invasion, a move that angered Moscow. He then pushed Xoxe to convene a meeting of the Central Committee where he expelled Hoxha’s supporters and pushed a motion to combine Albania’s economy and military with Yugoslavia’s. Hoxha fought back with Soviet support, cancelled his agreements with Yugoslavia, and expelled the country’s advisors. Xoxe attempted to save himself by declaring his support for the Soviet Union and arresting supporters of Tito in the government. The Central Committee, however, flipped on Xoxe, stripping him of his posts and expelling him from the party. In November 1948, he and many others were arrested.[7]

The Soviets wanted to paint Tito as the mastermind of anti-Marxist and anti-Albanian activities with the trials of Xoxe and the others. Xoxe was tortured in prison repeatedly until he confessed to conspiring with Tito against the Albanian government. In May 1949, he was placed on trial where he confessed to having been recruited by Zog I of Albania, as well as British intelligence and that Tito was an agent of the West. Xoxe was sentenced to death and was hanged on June 11, 1949.[7][8]

Personal life

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Xoxe was married to Sofika and had 6 children, Genc, Fatos, Shpresa, Liria, Çlirim and Besnik.[5]

References

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  1. ^ United States Congressional serial set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1948. p. 2.
  2. ^ Duda, Helge (1991). Nationalismus, Nationalität, Nation: der Fall Albanien: unter Berücksichtigung des Kosovo (in German). E. Vögel. ISBN 978-3-925355-64-6. percentage of workers was the lowest . Some were proletarian in origin, such as the Tosk tinsmith Koci Xoxe and the Geg carpenter Tuk Jakova
  3. ^ Griffith, William E. (1963). Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift. M.I.T. Press. ISBN 978-91-30-03387-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  4. ^ Telos. Telos Press. 1989. Since Albanian communism had its roots in south Albania, where it spread rapidly, Tosk was Koçi Xoxe
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kaloçi, Dashnor (31 October 2021). "I biri i Koçi Xoxes, tregon historinë e panjohur të babait dhe raportet me Enverin: Para pushkatimit shkuam e gjithë familja në burg dhe e kur po ndaheshim ai na tha..." [Koçi Xoxe's son tells the unknown story of his father and his relationship with Enver: Before the shooting, the whole family went to prison and when we were leaving, he told us...] (in Albanian). Balkanweb. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2025.
  6. ^ a b c Perović, Jeronim (2007). "The Tito-Stalin Split: A Reassessment in Light of New Evidence" (PDF). Journal of Cold War Studies. 9 (2): 46, 49, 62.
  7. ^ a b c d Hodos, George H. (1987). "Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954". Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275927837.
  8. ^ Berend, Iván T. Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery, Cambridge University Press, 1996, page 65 - 66
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